{"id":654,"date":"2013-12-08T14:32:29","date_gmt":"2013-12-08T11:32:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/?p=654"},"modified":"2013-12-08T14:32:29","modified_gmt":"2013-12-08T11:32:29","slug":"bios-nedir-nasil-yapar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/?p=654","title":{"rendered":"Donan\u0131m – BIOS Nedir? Nas\u0131l Yapar?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>Donan\u0131m \u00fczerine yazaca\u011f\u0131m yaz\u0131 serinin 1. yaz\u0131s\u0131 “BIOS Nedir? Nas\u0131l Yapar?”<\/strong> konusuna de\u011finece\u011fiz. Bu ba\u011flamda Bios’un ne oldu\u011fundan, alt birimlerinin ne oldu\u011fundan Bios’un sistemi ba\u015flatma a\u015famas\u0131nda neleri nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>Bilgisayar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ama en sessiz par\u00e7as\u0131. Marka amblemlerinin ard\u0131na saklanm\u0131\u015f gizli kahraman. \u00a0Alt taraf\u0131 bir \u00e7ip, nas\u0131l bu kadar de\u011ferli ve \u00f6enmli olabilir?<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Bios<\/b>, Basic I\/O System\u00a0(\u00a0Temel Giri\u015f\/\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f Sistemi\u00a0)<\/i>\u00a0kelimelerinin ba\u015f harflerinden olu\u015fmu\u015f, EEPROM<\/b>( Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory )<\/i>\u00a0\u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bilgisayar\u0131n donan\u0131msal olarak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 parametrelerini i\u00e7eren bir sistemdir. Bilgisayarda g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcnitesini bile ba\u015flatan Bios<\/b>‘tur. Bios<\/b>, donan\u0131mlar\u0131 ba\u015flatmakla, MBR<\/b>‘leri*<\/b> taramakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. MBR<\/b> bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya hatal\u0131 bir donan\u0131m alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sistemi ba\u015flatmamas\u0131 gerekir. B\u00f6yle durumlarda e\u011fer hata, temel bile\u015fenlerdeyse (RAM,CPU,GPU vs.)<\/i> bip sesinin kombinasyonlar\u0131yla \u00a0kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 uyarmas\u0131 gerekir. 2 uzun bip 1 k\u0131sa bip gibi. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Bios<\/b> basit gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen fakat temel olarak iki k\u0131s\u0131mdan meydana gelen bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. As\u0131l Bios<\/b> sisteminin bulundu\u011fu EEPROM<\/b> k\u0131sm\u0131 ve CMOS<\/b> denilen ve san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine Bios<\/b>‘un de\u011fil sadece Bios<\/b> ayarlar\u0131n\u0131n tutuldu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131m. Fakat burada \u015fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bios<\/b>‘un varsay\u0131lan ayarlar\u0131n\u0131n yede\u011fi Bios<\/b>‘un EEPROM<\/b> k\u0131sm\u0131nda tutulur. CMOS<\/b>‘da meydana gelen herhangi bir veri kayb\u0131 oldu\u011funda EEPROM<\/b> k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki ayarlar\u0131 CMOS<\/b>‘a kopyalar veya CMOS<\/b>‘un herhangi bir nedenden dolay\u0131 devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalmas\u0131 halinde Bios<\/b> ayarlar\u0131 EEPROM<\/b> k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki yedekten okur. CMOS<\/b>‘un i\u00e7inde bulunan verilere \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse \u00a0boot \u00f6ncelikleri, saat-tarih, i\u015flemci frekans\u0131 vb. CMOS<\/b> denilen k\u0131s\u0131mdaki ayarlar bir pil beslemesiyle tutulur. CMOS<\/b>‘un ayarlar\u0131n\u0131n pil ile tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise yanl\u0131\u015f ayarlanan bir de\u011fer i\u00e7in komple CMOS<\/b> de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapmamak i\u00e7indir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ayarlardan dolay\u0131 bilgisayar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131yor. Bios<\/b>‘un ayarlar\u0131 okudu\u011fu yerin CMOS oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in CMOS<\/b> pilini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p bekleyip takt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda genellikle bilgisayar\u0131m\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>Peki ya CMOS<\/b> verileri pil ile korunmuyor olsayd\u0131 ayarlar\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u0131f\u0131rlard\u0131k? Bu durumda tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yeni bir CMOS<\/b> takmak olurdu. Fakat \u015f\u00f6yle bir soru var ortada. Madem Bios<\/b> Read-only bir bellek, Bios<\/b> updateler nas\u0131l Bios\u2019<\/b>a veri yazabiliyor? Bunun cevab\u0131 Bison \u00f6nceden ROM olup daha sonrada EEPROM’lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. EEPROM<\/b>‘lar da read-only’dir fakat elektrik ile silinebilir\/yaz\u0131labilir \u00f6zelliktelerdir. EEPROM<\/b>‘lar elektrik yoluyla kendini programlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sisteme izin veren bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>Bios<\/b>\u2019un ne oldu\u011funundan bahsettikten sonra neyi nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedelim. Bunun i\u00e7in Bios<\/b>\u2019un amac\u0131 olan bir\u00a0bilgisayar\u0131n nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finelim.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6n Y\u00fckleme S\u00fcreci\u00a0(Boot)\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

1- )<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u011fmesine bast\u0131k. Saniye i\u00e7inde ekrana g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc geldi fakat asl\u0131nda i\u015fin arkaplan \u00f6yle de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u011fmeye bas\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra anakart\u0131n chipseti, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcnitesine veya \u015farj aletine sinyal g\u00f6nderir.\u00a0Durumun ne?<\/i><\/b>\u00a0veya\u00a0Voltaj bilgisayara zarar vermez de\u011fil mi?<\/i><\/b>.oldu\u011funa dair bir sinyal g\u00f6nderir. Bu sinyale\u00a0Power Good Signal<\/b>\u00a0denir. Bu sinyalden sonra chipset, i\u015flemciye elektri\u011fi verir.<\/p>\n

2- )<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong> \u0130\u015flemciye elektrik geldi fakat i\u015flemci hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey hat\u0131rlam\u0131yor. Bir \u015fey hat\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015flem \u00a0de yapm\u0131yordur. \u00a0Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 durumunda yani i\u015flemci ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fi durumlarda Bios<\/b>‘un sonundaki 16byte’a bakar ve oradan Bios<\/b>‘un ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 adresini alarak o adresteki kodlar\u0131 i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. \u0130\u015flemciye Bios<\/b>‘un son 16byte’\u0131na gitmesini s\u00f6yeleyen kod, i\u015flemc \u00fcreticilerinin tamam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan standart olarak kodlan\u0131r. Fakat burada bir soru var. Hani i\u015flemci Bios<\/b>‘un nerde oldu\u011funu bilmiyordu? \u0130\u015flemci fiziksel olarak anakartta Bios<\/b>‘a direkt ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r fakat burada unutulmamas\u0131 gereken \u015fey Bios<\/b>‘un da bir bellek oldu\u011fu. Yani kodlar ve veriler belirli adreslerde. Bu y\u00fczden ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kodunun nerede ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flemciye bildirilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

3- )\u00a0<\/span><\/strong> \u0130\u015flemci Bios<\/b>‘un adresini ald\u0131 ve Bios<\/b>‘u i\u015flemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Burada art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcm kontrol Bios<\/b>ta. Bios<\/b>\u2019un ilk komutu\u00a0Power-On Self Test<\/b>\u00a0(POST)’<\/i>tur. Bunun anlam\u0131 \u015fudur. Bios<\/b>, art\u0131k aya\u011fa kalm\u0131\u015f ve etraf\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn bile\u015fenlere (ram, gpu,hdd, usb vb.)\u00a0Durumun ne, sa\u011flam m\u0131s\u0131n?<\/i><\/b>\u00a0<\/i>diye sorar. E\u011fer bir hata olu\u015fmu\u015fsa Yine Bios<\/b>\u2019un i\u00e7indeki acil durum senaryolar\u0131 devreye girer, Bios<\/b> beep(bip) sesleri \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flar. Bunlar\u0131n kombinasyon oldu\u011funu ve her bir kombinasyonun ba\u015fka bir anlam\u0131 oldu\u011funu daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik.<\/p>\n

4- )\u00a0<\/span> <\/strong>Bios<\/b> b\u00fct\u00fcn herkesi kontrol etti ve herkesten olumlu cevap ald\u0131. \u0130lk ba\u015flataca\u011f\u0131 donan\u0131m Grafik Kart\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat Bios<\/b> direkt olarak Grafik kart\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmaz, Grafik kart\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunan Bios<\/b>‘u Grafik kart\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uyar\u0131r. Bunun nedeni Grafik kart\u0131n\u0131n kendine ait i\u015flemcisi, Ram’i ve anakarttan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z farkl\u0131 h\u0131z ve frekanslarda veri yollar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131. Grafik kart\u0131n\u0131n Bios<\/b>\u2019u kart\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131rsa Anakart Bios<\/b>\u2019una olumlu ba\u015flatamazsa olumsuz cevap verir. Olumsuz bir cevap durumunda anakart Bios<\/b>\u2019u yine beep sesleriyle kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 bilgilendirir.<\/p>\n

5- ) \u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Bu a\u015famada\u00a0Bios<\/b>\u00a0kendi ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ekran\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu ekranda\u00a0Bios\u2019u<\/b>n\u00a0\u00fcreticisi, versiyonu, sistem logosu,\u00a0Bios<\/b> ayarlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilece\u011finiz tu\u015flar\u0131n bilgisi gibi bilgiler yer al\u0131r. Diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayarlarda bu a\u015famada genelde \u00fcreticinin logosu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ama bunu Bios<\/b>tan bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

6- )<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Grafik kart\u0131ndan sonra anakart\u0131 tarayarak, ba\u015fka Bios<\/b>\u2019u olan bir donan\u0131m olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakar. Mesela sabit disklerin kendi Bios’<\/b>lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Buldu\u011fu Bios’<\/b>lu donan\u0131mlar\u0131n Bios’<\/b>lar\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyerek ba\u015flamalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

7- )<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Ekranda yaz\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131lar Bios<\/b> mesajlar\u0131d\u0131r. Eski tip bilgisayarlarda genellikle ekrana yaz\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar fakat yeni nesillerde \u00fcrecinin logosu \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. (“Toshiba”,”Acer” gibi.) Bunu Bios<\/b>‘tan ufak bir ayarla de\u011fi\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Ekrandaki bu mesajlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Bios ile<\/b>\u00a0etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7ebilmeniz i\u00e7in basman\u0131z gereken tu\u015fu\/tu\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bios<\/b>‘u a\u00e7abilmeniz, Boot ayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 elle Boot<\/strong> edebilmeniz veya Recovery i\u015flemine ba\u015flayabilmeniz bu etkile\u015fimlere \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir.<\/p>\n

8- )\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Bios\u2019<\/b>u olan donan\u0131mlar ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Bios\u2019<\/b>u olmayan veya Tak-\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r olan cihazlar ise bu a\u015famada ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Cihazlar\u0131n durumuyla ilgili ekranda yaz\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

9- )<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>B\u00fct\u00fcn donan\u0131mlar ba\u015flad\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131. \u0130yi ama <\/span>Bios<\/b>‘un art\u0131k i\u015fi devretme vakti geldi. Kime devredecek? Tabi ki i\u015fletim sistemine. Ama <\/span>Bios<\/b>‘ta i\u015fletim sistemler, yok veya hangi donan\u0131mda i\u015fletim sistemi var bilmiyor. Bu y\u00fczden burada Boot \u00f6ncelikleri devreye girer. \u00d6nceliklere g\u00f6re ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6ncelik Optik Okuyucuysa Boot<\/strong> edilecek “Boot File<\/strong>” aran\u0131r. Bulunamazsa bir sonraki Boot<\/strong> ayg\u0131t\u0131na ge\u00e7ilir. E\u011fer Sabit Disk Boot<\/strong> edilecekse, Sabit Diskte bulunan <\/span>Master boot record (MBR)\u00a0<\/b>kayd\u0131n\u0131 arar.\u00a0<\/span>MBR\u00a0<\/b>kayd\u0131 i\u00e7in ise diskin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131na yani<\/span>\u00a0<\/b>Diskin ilk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne<\/i>\u00a0bakar. Diskin ilk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc demek Sektor : 1 – Blok : 0 – Cylindr : 0 – Cluster : 0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>E\u011fer Bios<\/strong> arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 MBR<\/strong> kayd\u0131n\u0131 bulursa ve MBR<\/strong> sa\u011flam ise MBR, Bios<\/strong>‘tan g\u00f6revi alarak i\u015flemciye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi parametlerler ile i\u015fletim sistemini ba\u015flat\u0131r.\u00a0E\u011fer\u00a0Bios, MBR<\/b>\u00a0kayd\u0131 bulamazsa \u00f6ny\u00fckleme \u00f6nceli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re bir sonraki cihaza ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>E\u011fer\u00a0Bios\u00a0<\/b>\u00f6ny\u00fcklenecek bir medya veya s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bulamazsa do\u011fal olarak hata verir. Bu hata mesaj\u0131\u00a0Bios’tan Bios’a<\/b>\u00a0g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fse de genelde\u00a0“No bootable media found<\/b>” benzeri bir yaz\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b>MBR konusu ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Dosya Sistemlerine bir sonraki postta de\u011finece\u011fim. Yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 dile\u011fiyle…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Donan\u0131m \u00fczerine yazaca\u011f\u0131m yaz\u0131 serinin 1. yaz\u0131s\u0131 “BIOS Nedir? Nas\u0131l Yapar?” konusuna de\u011finece\u011fiz. Bu ba\u011flamda Bios’un ne oldu\u011fundan, alt birimlerinin ne oldu\u011fundan Bios’un sistemi ba\u015flatma a\u015famas\u0131nda neleri nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Bilgisayar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ama en sessiz par\u00e7as\u0131. Marka amblemlerinin ard\u0131na saklanm\u0131\u015f gizli kahraman. \u00a0Alt taraf\u0131 bir \u00e7ip, nas\u0131l bu kadar … Continue reading “Donan\u0131m – BIOS Nedir? Nas\u0131l Yapar?”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[53,54,55,56,60,61,70,71,86,95,98,129,166,167,196,204,205,207,228],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hardware","tag-bios","tag-bios-nedir","tag-bios-sesleri","tag-bip","tag-blok","tag-boot","tag-cluster","tag-cmos","tag-cylindr","tag-donanim","tag-eeprom","tag-i-o","tag-mbr","tag-media","tag-pil","tag-post","tag-post-message","tag-power-good-signal","tag-sektor"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/metehantoksoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}